Bronchial asthma in children: symptoms, signs, reasons. How to treat bronchial asthma?

Article - On the reasons and signs of bronchial asthma in children, the features of its diagnosis and treatment, as well as the mode of children - asthmatics.

The content of the article

In medicine there is a concept of "multifactorial disease". This means that the disease in humans occurs during a set of several circumstances. One of these is bronchial asthma: to get sick, it is necessary to have a hereditary predisposition and expose to certain factors. Unfortunately, asthma is not cured completely and increasingly occurs in childhood.

Causes of bronchial asthma in children

Deals are known to humanity since the times of Rome and Greece BC. It was believed he was the gift of the gods. The modern world considers asthma by a curse, the number of patients with her every year is growing steadily. For example, the status of asthmatics has 5-10 children per hundred. Numerous studies conducted for the causes of the disease and the mechanism of its flow allowed the doctors to find ways to restrain it. But, alas, to cure a completely person with such a diagnosis.

With asthma, a thick mucus accumulates in the patient in the patient.

IMPORTANT: Avoiding the factors of bronchial asthma and clearly fulfilling the recommendations of doctors, a sick asthma can enter the Stage of Remissance, when the ailment does not make itself felt years, and live quite a full life

Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the broncho-pulmonary system, in which the bronchi is spasched, and the mucus produced by them clogs the breathing clearance. Bronchi's passability is broken, and the patient is experiencing serious breathing problems.

Causes of bronchial asthma.

Most often, asthma is diagnosed in childhood or in persons over 50 years old. At the present moment, the number of pediatric patients with asthma is growing steadily. There are many reasons for that:

Hereditary predisposition

Previously assumed that asthma was inherited. After all, if one of the spouses is a asthmatic, the likelihood that the disease will manifest itself in a child - 40%, if both spouses are as much as 75%. But if the disease is hereditary, programmed by genes, it will arise in a child with a probability of 100%, regardless of which external factors affect it. With asthma, everything is completely different: if the child has asthmatics in the family (as well as allergies and people who are prone to bronchitis), that is, there is a hereditary predisposition to the disease, and in the process of intrauterine development or life, certain conditions are also affected by In total, he will get sick.

A predisposition to bronchial asthma is inherited.

Allergic reaction

Genetics found out that a child with a predisposition to asthma has about 50 genes that determine its development against the background of allergies. Someone for the production of E - antibodies, others - for the emergence of atopy, the third for the hypereaction of the mucous membranes.

In most cases, the cause of asthma in children is allergic.

IMPORTANT: Until the first asthmatic attack in the patient, other allergic reactions could be present: urticaria and dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, inflammation of the pharynx and allergic larynx

In 8 out of 10 asthmatics with severe allergies, the attacks of the disease are provoked by inspiration (inhalation) of the substance - stimulus.

Allergens can perform:

Dust. Allergic to it is observed at the overwhelming majority of children, patients with bronchial asthma. In fact, home dust is a cocktail from allergens, the components of which are wool and particles of dead skin of animals, particles of sense of human skin, fungal disputes, fibers of fabrics, cellulose, so on. It also lives dust pliers, who themselves have the brightest allergizing effect
Pollen plants. Asthma exacerbations in many small patients occur during flowering period, from April to June
Pets. Astmatics react to attacks on their wool, burned skin particles, saliva, uriman. There are also cases when an allergen is not an animal itself, but its feed (for example, dry treats for cats, dogs, aquarium fish)
Mold and fungus. Call an allergic reaction, and for it and asthma, can products of vital fungus inhabiting in raw and dark places in homes and apartments. At the first appearance, the fungus from it need to get rid of
Household chemicals. Provice asthma, the baby with predisposition can be washing powder, air conditioning for linen, detergents for kitchen and bathroom, water wash agent, aerosols - air flavors, other homemade household chemicals
Pollution in atmospheric air. The number of asthmatics in settlements with industrial enterprises and a developed automotive infrastructure is many times more than where there is no such
Medications. In a separate category, aspirin asthma was removed. In addition to acetylsalicylic acid, this disease in children can cause antibiotics, anti-inflammatory synthetic preparations, vitamin and mineral complexes
Food allergies. Cases are so very rare, but they are. Allergens protrude citrus fruit, animal protein, chicken eggs. Other
Other stimuli

Infections

Bronchial asthma, usually, found in the kids, in the history of which frequent acute respiratory infections, bronchitis and pneumonia. If the mucous membrane is often inflated due to viral or bacterial infection, its protective forces weaken. Allergen is easier to influence it.
In addition, the bacteria themselves are infectious pathogens and their livelihoods provoke an allergic reaction.

Pathogenic bacteria and their livelihoods can also provoke bronchial asthma in a child.

Simultaneously with antiviral and antibacterial drugs with ORVI and inflammation of the bronchi, pediatricians recommend to give a child to the tool - antihistamine.

Other reasons

This, first of all, is smoking. And we are not only about the fact that the destructive habit is now younger, there are crying cases of smoking children. The factor provoking the disease of the bronchial asthma, and in the future, and its attacks, is the active or passive inhalation of smoke cigarettes.
Risk to become asthmatics Children:

whose moms smoked during pregnancy
one or both parents are smokers

Smoking of parents - the cause of bronchial asthma in children.

In rare cases, the causes of asthma may have a physical activity or strong emotion, as a result of which there was a narrowing of the respiratory tract, as well as the weather (increased humidity, temperature difference or atmospheric pressure, other).

Important: Asthma's risk is higher in children whose body is excessive

To prevent asthma in a child or hold back if it has already manifested itself, it is necessary to establish whether it is a predisposition, as well as that factors provoke attacks.

Video: Symptoms and causes of bronchial asthma. First aid in the attack of choking

Forms of bronchial asthma in children

The forms of bronchial asthma differ in the fact that it caused its reason. So, in children the disease happens:

atopic - due to allergies, meets most often
neatopic - infectious or any other reason

IMPORTANT: Also in children-pulveric patients, the disease is mixed, allergic - infectious form, when allergic and infection are also provoking reasons.

Generally accepted is the classification of asthma by severity.

The severity of bronchial asthma in children.

Diagnosis of bronchial asthma in children

The symptoms of bronchial asthma in kids are often not specific, similar to the symptoms of bronchial obstruction of other types. Therefore, in order to diagnose, determine the shape and severity of the disease, the doctor - a pulmonologist, namely, a pediatrician will send a child - potential astmatics, will give direction to a number of surveys.

To contact the pediatrician on the site or immediately to the children's pulmonary, parents should if the following symptoms are observed:

A cough of an unproductive nature. He is chronic, permanent mesmer or strong parole. At the same time, the temperature of the child \\ within the normal range. Asthmatic kashel has a tendency to enhance in the evening or at night
Expuratory shortness of breath. First, it starts at the kid when it is physically active or worked, and in more severe cases torments it and at rest
Sunshine attacks. In the first, they are rare and short, passing by themselves. Parents notice that they provoke their contacts with allergens, infection of the respiratory system organs, intense physical exertion, stress in a child. Also, choking can happen when the kid crying or laughs
Uncompretable feelings in the chest. Kid can complain about pain or feeling squeezing
Whistling wheezes. On the eve of the attack of sheeps and wheezing in a child - astmatics can be heard at a distance
Rinith and other manifestations of allergies. Often before the attacks of the child appears urticaria, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis
Cyanosis. Due to the obstruction of the nasal mucosa and venous stagnation in a child - dark circles may appear under the eyes

Cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, attacks of suffocation - asthma symptoms in children.

Important: In small patients, bronchial asthma is often diagnosed with the receipt due to the fact that its symptoms in the flock of remissions can be faded completely. Mom and dad is important from not to ignore, to show the doctor on time and examine the child. The diagnosis of the baby is not based on the basis of symptoms, but by the result of the study of the history and the results of clinical examinations

In diagnostic purposes, the child is carried out:

Analyzes to detect allergies. The presence of allergies and irritants are determined by a special analysis of blood (on IGE immunoglobulins) or skin samples. These studies are held in the intervals between the attacks of asthma
Spirometry. Through it, the doctor measures the function of the lungs and the volume of breathing
Spirometry.
Picflometer. Initially, the peak speed of the exhalation of the child is measured in a hospital or clinic. If the diagnosis of asthma is confirmed, the parents of the patient under 5 are advised to purchase picthlies to be able to monitor the indicator. These devices today are inexpensive and convenient in circulation
Picfluometer.
Tests provoking the hypereaction of respiratory tract. To do this, use histamine and methaolin. Also, asthma of physical effort is detected by the load test.

IMPORTANT: During the diagnosis, an asthma has to distinguish asthma in a child from the oven bronchitis, bronchiolitis, fibrosis, emphysema, tuberculosis and some other diseases of the broncho-pulmonary system, as well as from heart defects and some vascular diseases

Video: Bronchial asthma in children. Lecture Professor N.A. Heppe

Emergency care for bronchial asthma in children

Parents of a child - asthmatics need to learn to behave during his suffocations occurring.

Important: Adults suffering from bronchial asthma often foresee the beginning of the attack of suffocation, and even know how to stop them by adopting preventive measures. In children, the attacks occur unexpectedly. Because of this, children are often panic, scared, which further aggravates their condition. The first priority of parents is to calm the child during an asthmatic suffocation

During the attack of suffocation, it is important to calm the child.

They can also predict the occurrence of an attack in a child, paying attention to the change in its condition. Before the attack:

the child begins to sneeze and cough
the child lays her nose
the child begins to worry
the child complains of heaviness in his chest, pain and sore throat

The attack is developing in this way:

the child picks up an infection or in contact with an allergen
the mucosa of the bronchi is responsible for the hyperreakitz - in excessive it produces thick and viscous sputum
at the same time, the muscles of the bronchi is spasked
bronchial lumen is narrowed, it is formed in wet wet

At this point, it is important to behave consistently and to provide emergency care to the child.

It is necessary to eliminate the trigger - a factor provoking the attack of suffocation
You need to provide a child with access to fresh air - open the window or withdraw a child to the street
Baby is better to sit on a chest chairs to the back. Between the back and chest baby pillow
Adult helps kid save breathing
The child makes inhalation with the bronchorated drug appointed by him by the doctor. This is usually Berretk, Salbutamol or Ventoline
If in a few minutes the attack does not pass, the child is "ambulance", until its arrival makes it inhalation with a drug that takes off bronchospasm. This is usually Berodal

Inhalation will help to stop the attack of an asthmatic suffocation with a special preparation in the balloon - aerosol.

Important: In severe cases, a child with attacks of asthma is hospitalized. In the pulmonology hospital, it is carried out by oxygen therapy, there are inhalations, intramuscular and intravenous injections with hormones and removable bronchospasm drugs

Video: How to stop the attack of asthma

Bronchial asthma therapy in children. Preparations with bronchial asthma in children

Treatment of disease in children is carried out in accordance with the National Program of Bronchial Asthma Therapy. It is comprehensive, including such events:

eliminate
anti-inflammatory
symptomatic
rehabilitative

IMPORTANT: The elimination is to control the environment of the child, which involves the identification and elimination of allergen caused the disease. At an early stage of the disease is enough to asthma in a child is not progressing

Child prescribed drugs from different pharmacological groups:

membrane stabilizers sensitized mast cells: Sodium kromglikat or Intal or Nedocromil sodium (Tayled). These drugs prevent the development of allergic asthma component. they are used by inhalation spray or nebulizer with dosing
Tayled.
Anti-leukotrienes. It Akolat and Singulair. They reduce inflammation of the bronchi, reduces their overreaction. Children drink their tablets
Singulair.
Glucocorticosteroids. Children prescribed inhaled, and in severe cases, a systemic, beclomethasone, budesonide, flunisolide, fluticasone
Beclomethasone.
Bronchodilators. These are preparations of theophylline - Euphyllinum neofilin, as well as beta-2-agonists - budesonide, Clenbuterol, Salbutamol, Ventolin, pulmomed
Ventolin.

IMPORTANT: Depending on the child's age and severity of asthma doctor prescribes medicaments for inhalation by nebulizer, or aerosol of the powder inhaler. Consistency and dosage also defines it

Care of bronchial asthma in children. Advice for asthma in children

caring for a child with asthma, if it is not hospitalized, parents exercise.
Prior to that, a doctor and a nurse must explain to mom and dad baby:

the essence of the disease
the reasons why it occurs
what are its symptoms and consequences
how to recognize a child's asthma attack and to prevent it
how to behave during an attack time
how to behave after attack
what actions to take to achieve remission
which mode is to be a child - asthmatics
what diet prescribed child - asthmatic
what medicines to give him

About the features of the care of a child with asthma parents should tell the doctor and nurse.

In turn, parents should:

quit smoking, if this habit they have
educate themselves on asthma and its treatment
organize your child such conditions, to prevent it from contact with an asthma trigger
teach a child to use a hand-held inhaler
engage with the child antiasthmatic gymnastics and breathing exercises
make sure that the child has been prescribed by his doctor timely medication
calm the child and provide him with urgent help during an attack

With bronchial asthma, the child's parents receive the following recommendations from the doctor:

Organize a child hypoallergenic life. This means that there should be cleaning in the house so that dust does not accumulate. It should use the most simple household chemicals. Items accumulating dust (books, soft toys, carpets, textile interior elements) need to be eliminated or kept in closed cabinets. The patient should not sleep on bed with a swift and pen, wearing clothes in which the fluff and pen play the role of the insulation. The fungus and mold in the house need to destroy. If there are pets in the house, they should find new owners. Regular ventilation are needed. In the heating season, the air in the apartment needs to additionally moisturize. During the period of flowering, if the baby is Polyniasis, you need to walk less with it, take antihistamine to prevent
Child - Asthmatics parents must organize hypoallergenic life.
Close the baby on a hypoallergenic diet. Synthetic food must be completely excluded from its diet, as well as the products that he has allergies. During the exacerbation of asthma, eliminate such strong allergens such as chocolate, nuts, citrus fruits, honey, sea fish, red, yellow and orange vegetables and fruits, other
Child - asthmatic needs hypoallergenic nutrition.
Take measures to strengthen the immune system of astmatics - a child. This is necessary, first of all, when asthma of infectious or mixed genesis. Parents must harden the child, promote his physical activity, during the periods of flu epidemics and ORVI drugs to carry out antiviral prevention, give the child additionally vitamino - mineral complexes
Hardening helps to strengthen the child's immunity with bronchial asthma.
Organize a child sanatorium-resort treatment. If possible, it is necessary to take it out several times a year in the saddle, in the mountains or in the forest

Children with bronchial asthma showed sanatorium-resort treatment.
Take measures to psychological rehabilitation of small astmatics. Although Asthma is chronic and incurable, millions of people live a full-fledged life with her. If the disease in the baby has been revealed on time, everything is undertaken to keep it, it is possible to avoid its complications in the form of irreversible changes in the bodies of the broncho-pulmonary system and early disability. Child - Astmatik should feel a full-fledged member of society